Вопрос о языке
Aug. 12th, 2022 10:30 pmВот интересно, почему у древнего человека существовал язык, с его сложной грамматикой, с его гибкостью и универсальностью? Какую сложную функцию он выполнял, для которой не хватало бы просто нескольких сот разных звуков и жестов, типа "хищник сзади" или "добыча справа" или "стоять"? Зачем нужна его избыточность?
no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 04:50 am (UTC)Бета: Альфа фу. Альфа нет.
Гама: Альфа нет.
Бета: Альфа копье мамонт. Бета копье Альфа. Гама копье Альфа.
Гама: Эпсилон (самка Альфы)?
Бета: Альфа нет, Эпсилон Гама.
Гама: Бета?
Бета: Альфа нет, Дельта (вторая самка Альфы) Бета.
вполне понятен с зачаточной граматикой.
no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 10:07 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 11:13 am (UTC)Вы говорите про современное общество, где необходимо много участников. Брежневу нужна была поддержка или хотя бы нейтралитет членов ЦК, руководителей силовых ведомств, и т.д. А если в племени всего-то 10-15 взрослых...
Так-то львицы иногда объединяются и убивают льва — "хозяина" их прайда.
no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 11:25 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 12:15 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 02:11 pm (UTC)"The problem for modern humans is that we have a natural group size of about 150 individuals (roughly equivalent to the number of individuals one knows personally; Dunbar, 1993; Hill & Dunbar, in press). At some point in our evolutionary history, hominid groups began to push against the ceiling on group size. The only way they could have broken through this ceiling so as to live in groups larger than about 80 individuals was to find an alternative mechanism for bonding in which the available social time was used more efficiently.
Language appears to serve that function perfectly, precisely because it allows a significant increase in the size of the interaction group (Dunbar, 1993, 1996b). Grooming is very much a one-on-one activity (it still is, even for us), whereas conversation group sizes typically contain up to four individuals (invariably one speaker and three listeners; Dunbar, Duncan, & Nettle, 1995). In addition, speaking is something that we can do simultaneously with most other activities. As a result, we can “time share” more effectively to cram more into what limited time we do have available. Significantly perhaps, it turns out, from a sample of people’s time budgets drawn from a wide range of cultures around the world, that the average percentage of time humans spend in social interaction (mainly conversation, of course) is 20% (Dunbar, 1998b). In other words, our social time allocation is at the upper limit of that seen in primates; we simply use the time more efficiently because language allows us to do so."
https://attach.matita.net/ziorufus/Dunbar%20gossip.pdf
no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 03:11 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2022-08-13 07:20 pm (UTC)"The evolutionary sequence here is this: Exploitation of more predator-risky habitats requires an increase in group size; to make this possible, it is necessary both to evolve the cognitive machinery to underpin the management of the social relationships involved (essentially a larger neocortex) and to invest more time in the necessary bonding processes. Humans represent the most extreme point in this sequence within the primates because hominid evolution has been characterized by the exploitation of increasingly open terrestrial habitats, both of these features being associated with increased predation risk. It may be that in the later stages of hominid (human?) evolution, the risk of predation by other humans became more important than the risks of predation by more conventional predators (Johnson & Earle, 1987), but this does not obviate the fundamental issue that risk of death from predators (of whatever kind) is the principal factor favoring increases in group size. Language became part of this story because, at some point in hominid evolutionary history, the group size required exceeded that which could be bonded through social grooming alone; the constraint in this context was the fact that the time investment required by grooming is ultimately limited by the demands of foraging. Language enabled hominids to break through that particular glass ceiling because it allows time to be used more effectively than is possible with grooming: Speech allows us both to interact with a number of individuals simultaneously (grooming is a strictly one-on-one activity) and to exchange information about the state of our social network (lacking language, monkeys and apes are limited in their knowledge of their network by what they themselves see)."
Со временем механизмы, выработанные для борьбы с хищниками, были задействованы для борьбы с агрессивными особями внутри человеческого сообщества, и таким образом люди научились сами себя «одомашнивать». В наше время процесс продолжается…
no subject
Date: 2022-08-20 05:00 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2022-08-20 06:03 pm (UTC)Спасибо.